Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock | History, Architecture, Significance & Facts
An Ancient Monument
The Dome of the Rock is located in Jerusalem. It was built in 691 CE, but despite its ancient age, it is still a building that holds special meaning for many people today. The Dome is actually a shrine and features a special rock, known as the “Foundation Stone,” at its center. This foundation stone, also sometimes referred to as the “pierced stone,” holds special significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
Building the Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock was created due to orders by Abd al-Malik, the fifth ruler under the Umayyad Caliph. Al-Malik planned the dome’s overall design.
At the time of the dome’s construction, the Islamic empire was undergoing a time of political and military turmoil, a time that would later be referred to as the Second Islamic Civil War or the “Second Fitna.”
Despite, or perhaps because of, the turmoil going on around him, al-Malik desperately wanted to go ahead with building the dome and spared no expense when doing so. He even instructed the two engineers he commissioned to work on the project, Yazid ibn Salam and Raja’ ibn Hayweh, to spend as much money as needed while working on the dome.
The total cost of construction is believed to have been around seven times as much of the overall revenue of Egypt. While the reasons for creating the Dome were mainly religious, al-Malik also had more practical uses in mind, such as providing a place where Muslims could worship without being subjected to extreme weather conditions.
Al-Malik as Ruler
When one considers the many other great innovations al-Malik provided during his time as ruler, it should come as no surprise that he would be the person behind the much-beloved dome. Al-Malik, who is generally regarded as having been an excellent and benevolent ruler, is also credited with translating important historic documents into Arabic, introducing a Muslim currency, extending Muslim rule, organizing a postal service, and establishing Arabic as the official state language.
The Dome of the Rock and Islam
As mentioned, the Dome of the Rock and, more importantly, the rock it houses holds religious significance to Muslims. Many followers of Islam, for example, believe the rock to be the place where the Prophet Muhammad and the angel Gabriel went up into heaven, as well as a place where the two, along with other Prophets such as Jesus and Moses, joined in prayer. At one time, Muslims faced toward the Dome and the Rock itself in prayer.
Architectural Inspiration
Despite the many religious significances and meanings attached to this structure, it is still a structure, a building that had to be designed and erected. Whatever the exact reasons behind its unique design, the Dome of the Rock is a fascinating and elaborate structure. Its large dome is supported by sixteen columns and contains elaborate mirrors, porcelain constructions, and windows. Perhaps what is and what will always be the most fascinating about this structure, however, is how it has come to hold importance to a wide variety of people, people from all walks of life and from all religious backgrounds. And, not only does it hold religious meaning, but it also holds value for lovers and students of architecture. The dome has held together nicely, especially considering its age, and is an excellent example of the type and quality of architecture constructed during that period of time.
Dome of the Rock FAQs
In this section, we'll delve into some frequently asked questions about the Dome of the Rock, a monument that holds significant cultural, historical, and religious value. We aim to provide detailed answers that enhance your understanding of this iconic structure.
Is the Dome of the Rock ancient?
Understanding the Age of the Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock is often considered ancient due to its over 1300-year history. Constructed between 688 and 691 AD, it is not ancient in the way that pyramids of Egypt or ancient Roman buildings are. However, it is one of the earliest and well-preserved examples of Islamic architecture, making it an ancient structure within the context of Islamic history.
Is the Dome of the Rock the oldest standing Islamic monument?
Comparing Islamic Monuments
While the Dome of the Rock is one of the oldest Islamic monuments, it is not the absolute oldest. The Umayyad Qasr Amra in Jordan and the Great Mosque of Damascus are other early Islamic structures, but the Dome of the Rock holds particular prominence due to its location, architecture, and the fact that it has been largely preserved in its original form. Its establishment early in Islamic history, just over 50 years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, marks it as one of the earliest significant Islamic buildings.
Was the Dome of the Rock built by Muslims?
The Builders of the Dome of the Rock
Yes, the Dome of the Rock was indeed built by Muslims under the patronage of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik. It represents a monumental achievement in Islamic architecture and reflects the Islamic community's desire to create revered spaces that are both functional and symbolic. The craftsmen and workers involved in its construction likely included local Christians and Jews, reflecting the multicultural environment of Jerusalem, but the initiative and design were rooted in the Islamic tradition.
Why is the Dome of the Rock considered to be such an important monument?
The Significance of the Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock is considered important for several reasons:
- Religious Significance: For Muslims, it marks the spot from which the Prophet Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven during the Night Journey, making it a key site in Islamic tradition.
- Architectural Importance: As one of the earliest surviving examples of Islamic architecture, it showcases the ingenuity and aesthetic sensibilities of early Islamic society. Its design has influenced Islamic architecture across the world.
- Historical Value: The monument stands as a testament to the early Islamic empire's strength and artistic achievements. It also reflects the layered history of Jerusalem, a city sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians.
- Cultural Symbolism: Beyond its religious and historical contexts, the Dome of the Rock serves as a symbol of continuity and identity for Muslim communities worldwide.
How has the Dome of the Rock influenced other architectural works?
The Dome of the Rock's design, particularly its wooden dome, intricate tile work, and the use of Quranic calligraphy, set precedents that have been emulated in various Islamic structures over the centuries. Its architectural elements can be seen echoed in mosques, madrasas, and palaces throughout the Islamic world, showcasing its enduring influence on Islamic art and architecture.
What are the unique architectural features of the Dome of the Rock?
The building is notable for its octagonal shape, its large, golden dome, and the detailed mosaics that adorn its exterior and interior. The use of a central plan with a surrounding ambulatory was innovative for its time and has been inspirational for subsequent Islamic architecture. Additionally, the rock at its center holds profound religious significance, which is highlighted by the structure's design.
How has the Dome of the Rock been preserved over the centuries?
The monument has undergone various renovations and restorations throughout its history, often in response to natural disasters or as part of preservation efforts. Different ruling powers have contributed to its upkeep, reflecting the site's importance to various cultures and rulers. Modern conservation efforts aim to respect the original materials and design while ensuring the structure's longevity.
What role does the Dome of the Rock play in contemporary society?
Today, the Dome of the Rock remains a focal point of Palestinian cultural identity and Islamic faith. It is a symbol of Jerusalem's enduring significance and a testament to the city's rich, multicultural past. In addition to being a major pilgrimage site, it also attracts scholars, tourists, and those interested in its architectural and historical legacy, highlighting its continued relevance in a global context.